Battlefield Europe The Old World is a festering mess of conflicting ethnic groups, without permanent armies. Instead, kings and noblemen form temporary alliances, and raise private armies to achieve their purposes. Some are driven by the desire to exercise control over expanded territory, which will increase the tax base and support lavish spending habits. Others are just fueled by ambition.

	Constantinople Under Pressure As rivalries in Northern Europe continue, the pressure on Constantinople increases. Muslims to the south are presenting an increasing threat. When the Muslims take control of Jerusalem, the Pope calls on all of Christendom to mount a campaign to regain control of the so-called Holy Land, which is modern Israel. Prominent European kings respond to the call, launching a rescue mission which becomes the first 'Crusade.' The purpose is to expel Muslims from the Middle East.
	Ready for Columbus This map summarizes warfare during the entire medieval era, from 700 to 1500, showing battles in virtually every region. Boundary disputes often escalate into a generalized battle for economic supremacy. It becomes increasingly apparent that wealth is directly tied to shipping and trade. Everyone wants a piece of the action. This is the chaotic world that Christopher Columbus is born into. Sailing for wealthy Italian shipping families, he gains experience and confidence in long-distance exploration.