Chapter 5: Westward Ho!
Page 1: Fertile Land
Westward migration, roads 1810 map
Mobile Society, Roads, 1810 map
Population growth, 1790-1810 map
Page 2: The Big Ditch
Erie Canal, 1825 map
Canal transportation, 1830
Canal locks, 1830
Page 3: Working Faster
Early machinery, 1800s
Cotton Gin, 1800
Waltham factory, 1820
Page 4: Big Ideas
Lowell Mills, 1820s
Pawtucket Dam on Merrimack River
Engineering Challenge, Lowell Canal, 1820
Page 5: Pushing the Envelope
Lowell Mills growth, 1820-1850 maps
Francis water turbine, 1848
Lowell Mills canals, 1850 map
Page 6: The Textile Business
Textile industry, 1820s
Power looms
Textile mill layout, 1830s
Page 7: Mighty Steam
James Watt and steam power
Steam pressure
Early steam engines
Page 8: Transportation Boom
Canals and cotton, 1830
River steamboats, 1830
The frontier, 1830 map
Page 9: Growing Wealth
Banks and Investors, 1830
Banks and bank notes, 1830
Early corporations, 1810-1850
Page 10: Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act, 1830 map
Cotton plantations and slavery, 1840 map
Railroads, canals, roads, 1840 map
Page 11: Boom!
Railroads cross the Mississippi, 1850 map
Canals, Portage railroad, 1850 map
Telegraph lines, 1850 map
Page 12: Mountains of White
King Cotton, 1850
Southern railroads and cotton, 1850 map
Northern railroads, 1850 map
Page 13: Going really West
California Gold Rush, 1850
Oregon Trail, 1850 map
California Gold Rush, 1849
Page 14: Separate Regions
Population density, migration, 1850 map
Slave density, 1850 map
Texas, Mexican War, 1846-1848 map
Page 15: Mid-Century America
Boston, 1850
Pittsburgh, 1850
Louisville, Kentucky, 1850
Page 16: America's New Heartland
Detroit, 1850
Chicago canal, 1850
Oshkosh and Cincinnati, 1850
Page 17: Wild West
San Francisco, 1849
San Francisco, 1850s
Southern California, 1850
Page 18: Land, Business, Technology
Population growth, 1750-1850 map
Government land sales, 1800-1860
Manufacturing and Investment, 1850 map |
Chapter 6: North Against South
Page 1: Holding it Together
The Slavery Question, 1850 map
Compromise of 1850 map
Abolitionists and Uncle Tom's Cabin
Page 2: Drawing the Line
Border states, 1850 map
Plantation slavery, 1850 map
Election of 1860
Page 3: Surprise!
Election and secession, 1860 map
Seizure of forts and arsenals, 1861
Fort Sumpter, 1861 map
Page 4: Virginia joins the South
West Virginia splits away, 1861 map
Richmond weapons factory, 1861
Battle of Bull Run, 1861 map
Page 5: Union Strategy
Union strategy, 1861 map
Civil War in the East, 1862 map
Western war, New Orleans, 1862 map
Page 6: The War gets Serious
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
Peninsula campaign, 1862
Confederate fortifications,1862
Page 7: Lee's Magic
Battle of Chancellorsville, 1863 map
Lee invades the North, 1863 map
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 map
Page 8: Blockades and Vessels
Union blockade, 1863 map
Confederate commerce raiders, 1863
Monitor and Merrimack, 1863
Page 9: The Blood Keeps Flowing
Grant and Sherman, 1864 map
Defense of Richmond, 1864 map
Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864
Page 10: End of the Line
Sherman in the Carolinas, 1865 map
Siege of Petersburg, 1865 map
Lee surrenders at Appomattox, 1865 map
Page 11: Captured on Film
Civil War in camp
Federals at Gettysburg, 1863
Army wagons, 1864
Page 12: Life in the Slow Lane
Alexandria, Virginia, 1860s
Country inn near Gettysburg, 1863
Nashville, Tennessee, 1864
Page 13: Caught up in War
Newspaper reports, 1863
Families in camp, 1862
Officer's quarters, 1864
Confederate soldiers, 1863
Page 14: Construction Details
Civil War bridges
Military locomotives, 1864
Potomac River ferry, 1860s |
Chapter 7: Early Industry
Page 1: Extreme Upgrade
Steam and manufacturing boom, 1870
Philadelphia Centennial Expo, 1876
Corliss steam engines, 1870
Page 2: Wounds that Don't Heal
Reconstruction, 1865-1877
Freedmen's Bureau, 1865-1872
First KKK, 1865-1872 map
Page 3: Permanently Stunted?
Southern ruin, 1870
Stunted southern growth, 1860-1870 map
Slave value lost
Page 4: Everything Needs Iron
Iron and coal, 1870 map
Cast iron products, 1870
Wrought iron usage, 1870
Page 5: East Meets West
Transcontinental railroad, 1869 map
Locomotive diagram, 1870
Railroads and settlement, 1870 map
Page 6: Infrastructure Spending
Railroad land grants, 1870s map
Towns at rail stops, 1870s map
Homestead Act, 1862-1890 map
Page 7: Clash of Titans
Hot railroad money, 1870s
Erie Railroad scandal
European investors, 1870-1890
Page 8: Panic of 1873
Panic of 1873
15th Amendment and KKK, 1870
Blacks in Congress, 1871
Page 9: Factories and products
Steam vs waterpower, 1870 map
Factories, 1870
Waterpower and mills, 1870 map
Page 10: Muscles Still Rule
Horsepower, 1870
Farm equipment, 1870
Small farm equipment, 1870
Page 11: Crops Need Water
Yearly rainfall map
Nebraska prairie, 1870
Prime farmland, 1870 map
Page 12: Striking it Rich
Gold and silver, 1870
Silver boom, 1870 map
Mining equipment, 1870
Page 13: City Portraits
Battle Creek, Michigan, 1870
Bangor, Maine, 1870
Sandusky, Ohio, 1870
Page 14: Reaching Customers
Advertising, 1870
Home goods ads, 1870
Industrial ads, 1870
Page 15: Yellow Pages
City directories, 1870
Business listings, 1870
Civic institution listings, 1870
Page 16: Super-sized Census
Census of 1870
Industry listings, 1870
Manufacturing listings, 1870
Page 17: Emerging from Conflict
Industrial era begins, 1870
American transformation, 1850-1870 map
Population density, migration, 1860-1870 map |
Chapter 8: Big Steel
Page 1: Stronger than Iron
Bessemer steel converter, 1890
Global iron, steel and coal, 1890
Pittsburgh steel, 1890 map
Page 2: Bigger and Stronger
Carnegie Steel, 1890
Eads bridge, 1890
Steel-frame buildings, elevators, 1890
Page 3: Hot Work
Industrial era, 1890
Machine tools, 1890
Ellis Island immigrants, 1890
Page 4: Going Big
Biltmore Estate, 1890
Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
Millionaire mansions, 1890
Page 5: The Gilded Age
Guided Age fortunes, 1890
Millionaires, 1890
Pennsylvania Railroad, 1890, map
Page 6: Spooky Science
Electricity, 1890
Electric power stations, 1890
Electric motors, streetcars, 1890
Page 7: Vanquishing Night
Birth of power grid, 1890
Early lighting, 1893
Telephone poles, 1890
Page 8: Urban living
Railroads and urban centers, 1890 map
Urban manufacturing, 1890
Department stores, Marshall Fields, 1890
Page 9: Public Systems
Municipal services, 1890
City water works, 1890
Fire Departments, 1890
Page 10: Parks and Opera Houses
Urban living, 1890
Central Park, Belle Isle, Coney Island, 1890
Cincinnati music halls, libraries, 1890
Page 11: More Options
Technical and medical schools, 1890
Engineering schools, 1890
Corporate trusts, John D Rockefeller, 1890
Page 12: Earlier Trends Continue
Population density, migration, 1870-1890 map
Prairie life, 1890
Indian reservations, 1890 map
Page 13: Icing on the Cake
Chicago Expo, 1893
Electric lighting, 1893
Armaments, 1893
Page 14: New Potential
Great Lakes iron ore, 1890 map
Great Lakes shipping, 1890 map
Ore boat shipping routes, 1890 map
Page 15: Ore Boats
Iron ore boats, docks, 1890
Soo Locks, 1890 map
Saginaw Michigan lumber, 1890 map
Page 16: Vacationland
Mountain, beach resorts, 1890
Health, fitness, Kellogg Sanitorium, 1890
The sporting life, 1890
Page 17: New World of Color
Lifestyle ads, in color, 18901890
Cigarette and beer ads 18901890
Health product and Coke ads, 1890
Page 18: Super-sized Projects
Engineering Marvels, 1890
Brooklyn Bridge, 1890
Statue of Liberty, 1890
Page 19: People at Work and Play
Women, 1890
Laborers, 1890
The fashionable set, 18901890
Page 20: More of Everything
Railroad and urban growth, 1870-1890 map
Railroad expansion, 1890 map
Irrigation, 1890, map |
Maps: 1800-1900
Page 1: Early Humans
Stone Age, 300,000 BC map
Early human settlements, 15,000 BC map
Settling down, 5000 BC map
Bronze Age civilizations, 1200 BC map
Cities and precious metals, 1200 BC map
Early warfare, 2500-1000 BC map
Page 2: Conquest
Persian conquests, 500 BC map
Alexander the Great, Carthage, 200 BC map
Roman Empire, 300 AD map
Roman, Han Dynasty wars, 300 AD map
Roman collapse, Viking raids, 900 AD map
Barbarians, Muslim expansion, 900 AD map
Page 3: Clash of Empires
Crusaders, Mongol Hordes, 1300 AD map
Norse traders, Holy Roman Empire, map
Conflict and castles, 1300-1400 map
European wars, 1400-1600 map
Renaissance and commerce, 1600 map
Global conflict and Spice Islands, 1600s map
Page 4: Age of Exploration
Vikings, Columbus, Portuguese, 1500 map
Age of Exploration, 1500s map
Spanish explorers, 1500s map
English explorers, 1500s map
French explorers, 1500s map
Dutch explorers, Henry Hudson, 1600s map
Page 5: Early Colonies
Jamestown, Plymouth colonies, 1600s map
New England settlements, 1640 map
Chesapeake Bay colonies, 1640 map
Powhatan Indian Wars, 1609-1640 map
King Philip's Indian War, 1680 map
Expanding colonies, 1700 map
Page 6: Colonial Growth
Settlements and postal roads, 1750 map
Grand Banks fishing grounds, 1750 map
British and French settlements, 1750 map
French and Indian War, 1754-1763 map
Triangular trade and smuggling, 1770 map
Ports, shipbuilders and roads, 1770 map
Page 7: War Begins
Lexington, Concord, Ft Ticonderoga, 1775 map
Patriot siege of Boston, 1775 map
British victory, Battle of Long Island, 1776 map
Washington retreat from New York, 1776 map
Washington victory at Trenton, 1776 map
Patriot victory at Saratoga, 1777map
Page 8: Final Victory
British Southern Campaign, 1780-81 map
French help, Yorktown surrender, 1781 map
Constitutional Convention, 1787 map
House of Representatives, 1787 and today
Senate and 3/5 rule, 1787 map
Peak of Slave Trade, 1800 map
Page 9: Spreading West
Early port cities, 1800 maps
Population migration, 1800 maps
Wilderness Road into Kentucky, 1800 map
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 map
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-06 map
Early textile mills, 1825 map
Page 10: Moving Frontier
Westward migration, mail routes, 1810 map
Erie Canal, 1825 map
China Trade from Salem, 1300 map
Population growth and shrinkage, 1830 map
Indian Removal Act, 1830 map
Potawatomi removal
Page 11: Canals, Riverboats and Rail
Canals and railroads, 1840 map
Steamboats and steamboat stops, 1840 map
Cotton plantations, 1840 map
Texas and Mexican War, 1846-48 map
Cities at rail terminals, 1850 map
Mature canal era, 1850 map
Page 12: Jump to California
Telegraph lines, 1850 map
towns emerge at rail stops, 1850 map
Railroads, roads in Cotton Country, 1850 map
Population growth and shrinkage, 1850 map
Oregon Trail, California Gold Rush, 1849 map
California Gold Rush routes, 1850 map
Page 13: North vs South
Balance of Free vs Slave states, 1848 map
Slave density,Underground Railroad, 1850 map
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 map
New states destroy the balance, 1859 map
Plantation density, Border States, 1860 map
Lincoln election, Confederacy born, 1860 map
Page 14: Civil War #1
Harper's Ferry, rebels seize arsenals, 1861 map
Union strategy, 1861 map
Civil War, 1861 map
Big Rebel victory at Bull Run, 1861 map
Civil War, east and west, 1862 map
Union victories in the West, 1862 map
Page 15: Civil War #2
Peninsula Campaign stopped short, 1862 map
Lees' thrust stopped at Antietam, 1862 map
Battle line, end of 1862 map
Lee's masterpiece at Chancellorsville, 1863 map
Lee crippled at Gettysburg, 1863 map
Fall of Vicksburg and Chattanooga, 1863 map
Page 16: Civil War #3
Blockade Starting to Bite, 1863
Fall of Atlanta, March to the Sea, 1864 map
Grant blocked around Richmond, 1864 map
Sherman unopposed in Carolinas, 1864 map
Rebels abandon Peterburg, 1865 map
Lee gives up at Appomattox, 1865 map
Page 1: Industrial Era Begins
Steam power replacing waterwheel, 1870 map
Coal and iron deposits, 1870 map
Railroad expansion, 1870 map
Rail expansion favors the West, 1870 map
Land grants, Transcontinental RR, 1870 map
Railroads and land development, 1870 map
Page 2: Manufacturing
Industrial resources, 1870 map
Pittsburgh at the sweet spot, 1870 map
Steam power in the North, 1870 map
Waterpower still important, 1870 map
Industries not using power, 1870 map
Population growth and shrinkage, 1870 map
Page 3: Manufacturing Labor
Immigrants, urban development, 1870 map
Immigrant destinations, 1870 map
Irish in the Northeast, 1870 map
Germans across the Midwest, 1870 map
Scandinavians, Upper Midwest, 1870 map
English-speaking immigrants, 1870 map
Page 4: Farming
Rainfall vanishes at the Prairie, 1870 map
Prime cropland in the Midwest, 1870 map
Corn dominates farming, 1870 map
Wheat is #2 crop in the Midwest, 1870 map
Sheep and wool still important, 1870 map
Hay for the livestock, 1870 map
Page 5: Western Expansion
Irrigation vital in the arid West, 1870 map
Steel promotes industrial growth, 1890 map
Railroad Frenzy Slowing, 1890 map
More Railroad Land Grants, 1890 map
Homestead Act, settlements to 1890 map
Federal land grant colleges, 1890 map
Page 6: Industrial Resources
Huge new Mesabi Range ore fields, 1890 map
Modest gold deposits in the West, 1890 map
Silver deposits in the mountains, 1890 map
Gold and silver sites related, 1890 map
Western copper mining, 1890 map
Population growth and shrinkage, 1890 map
Page 7: Wider World
Texas cattle drives, 1890 map
Indian Wars in the West, 1870-1890 map
Klondike Gold Rush, 1896-99 map
Peak of British Empire, 1900 map
Pacific naval bases annexed, 1900 map
World conflict, 1866-1900 map
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Technology: 1800-1900
Page 11: Spinning Mills
Slater Mill, 1810s
Carding engine, 1820s
Early spinning frame, 1820s
Flyer spinning, 1830s
Cotton gin, 1800s
Lowell textile mills, 1820s
Page 12: Pumps and Steamers
Early steam engines, 1800s
Early steam paddleboats, 1790s
Coastal steamers, 1810s
Gravity-operated canal locks, 1790s
Early steam locomotives, 1830s
Slide valves, 1820s
Page 13: A Passing Era
Golden age of sail, 1850s
Whaling ships, 1850s
Shipyard tools, 1850s
Ship's rigging, 1850s
Rope walks, 1850s
Peak whaling, 1850s
Page 14: Machines on the Farm
Farms, 1850s
Preparing the field, 1850s
McCormick mechanical reaper, 1850s
Improved reapers, 1860s
Horse-driven hay rakes, 1860s
Wooden farm devices, 1860s
Page 15: Iron and coal
More iron, 1860s
Blast furnaces, rolling mills, 1860s
Cast and wrought iron, 1860s
Cast-iron stoves, 1860s
Heating stoves, 1860s
Musical instruments, 1860s
Page 16: Unpowered Tools
Early metal machinery, 1860s
Manual drills, 1860s
Foot-powered lathes, 1860s
Manual metal-working machines, 1860s
Geared mechanisms, clocks, 1860s
Watch-making equipment, 1860s
Page 17: Engineering
Maturing steam engines, 1860s
Commercial steamers, 1860s
Marine engines, 1860s
Railroad bridges, 1860s
Steam-powered printing, 1860s
Early sewing machines, 1860s
Page 18: Moving the Product
Steam locomotives, 1860s
Steam injectors, 1860s
Locomotive lubricators and sand, 1860s
Urban delivery wagons, 1860s
Horse-powered vans, 1860s
Wagon hitches and springs, 1860s
Page 19: More Machines
Steam-powered saws, 1860s
Mortise-and-tenon joinery, 1860s
Metal-framed woodworking, 1860s
Steam-powered woodworking, 1860s
Jigsaws and scroll saws, 1860s
Shapers, molding, dovetailing, 1860s
Page 20: Product Catalogs
Machinery catalogs, 1870
Powered drills, 1870
Cast-iron machinery frames, 1870
Powered lathes, 1870
Powered grinding, 1870
Blowers and special equipment, 1870
Page 21: Milling machines
Milling machine introduced, 1870
Spindle cutters, multi-axis tables, 1870
Profiled milling cutters, 1870
Versatile holding fixtures, 1870
Complicated milling, 1870
Extended functions, 1870
Page 22: Pre-industrial
Technology, 1600-1750
Technology 1750-1800
Technology 1800-1825
Technology 1825-1840
Technology 1840-1860
Technology 1860-1870
Page 1: Industrial Era
Living with Nature
Then the War Ended
Just a novelty, at first
Appealing Possibilities
Bringing Civilization With You
Unfinished Job
Page 2: Decade of Change
Complete Do-over
Railroads and Land Values
Manufacturing with Steam
Fortunate Circumstance
Indispensable Ingredient
Big Change
Page 3: Industrial Centers
New York, 1885
Ports Dominate
Manufacturing Spreads West
Truly Interchangeable Parts
Cranking out Duplicate Parts
Finished Product
Page 4: Industrial Power
Plenty of Supply
Steel City
Efficiency Boost
Unifying Transportation Network
Steeply Rising Production
Economies of Scale
Page 5: 100th Birthday
Exhibits are Free
America's Finest
Rock Steady, but Silent
New Industry Standard
Rotating Valves
Maximizing Efficiency
Page 6: Final Puzzle Piece
Fast and Cheap
Superior Strength
Gigantism
Masterpiece
Metal and Steam
Bigger boilers
Page 7: North and South
Total Separation
Living in the Past
The Front End
Shifting Center of Activity
Boiler Fuel
Coal Conversion
Page 8: Rural and Urban
Jobs, Jobs, Jobs
Railroads Driving Growth
Less Room for Growth
Lonely and Depressed
Dramatic Population Shift
Northern Phenomenon
Page 1: Land, Business, Technology
New York, 1865 aerial view |
Gallery: Civilization and Conflict
Page 13: French Empire
French Revolution, Napoleon, 1800s map
Napoleon's Russia disaster, 1800s
Height of British Empire, 1900 map
Prelude to WWI, 1865-1900 map
WWI, first industrial war, 1914-1918 map
Motorized warfare, 1900s
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Gallery: Ads and Magazines
Page 1: Finding Customers
Evolution of advertising, 1840-1980
Simple product descriptions, 1860
Color lithographs, 1870
Tobacco ads, 1880
Homes product ads, 1880
Industrial ads, 1880
Page 2: Working with Color
Exotic color ornamentation, 1880
Montgomery Ward catalo, 1800
More sophisticated illustration, 1890
Home products made special, 1890
Magazines, Scientific American, 1880
Playful touches, 1890
Page 3: Spotlight on Science
Scientific American, 1880
Engineering illustrations, 1880
Patent ideas illustrated, 1880
General interest illustrations, 1890
Documenting major projects, 1890
Devices explained, 1890
Page 4: World of Color
Corporate image advertising, 1890
Expanding illustration styles, 1900
Circus posters, 1900
Beer ads, 1900
Fashions, 1900
Newspaper ads, 1900
Page 5: Women's World
Harper's Bazaar, 1900
Ladies Home Journal, 1900
Vogue Magazine, 1900
McCall's Magazine, 1900
Clothing catalogs, 1900
Montgomery Ward catalog, 1900
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