Chapter 5: Westward Ho!
Page 1: Fertile Land
Westward migration, roads 1810 map
Mobile Society, Roads, 1810 map
Ohio River, 1810
Great Lakes, 1810 map
Population growth, 1790-1810 map
Stage coaches and turnpikes, 1810 map
Page 2: The Big Ditch
Erie Canal, 1825 map
Canal transportation, 1830
Canal locks, 1830
Great Falls and Middlesex Canals, 1820s
Erie Canal engineering, 1825
Bargemen and Mules, Erie Canal
Page 3: Working Faster
Early machinery, 1800s
British mills, 1800s
Slater Mill, 1800
Cotton Gin, 1800
War of 1812
Waltham factory, 1820
Page 4: Big Ideas
Lowell Mills, 1820s
Pawtucket Dam on Merrimack River
Engineering Challenge, Lowell Canal, 1820
Lowell Mills growth, 1820-1850 maps
Francis water turbine, 1848
Lowell Mills canals, 1870 map
Page 5: The Textile Business
Textile industry, 1820s
Carding machine, 1830
Spinning process, 1830
Power looms
Lowell mill girls, 1800s
Lowell worker housing, 1800s
Page 6: Standardized Boxes
First Lowell Mill, 1821
Textile mill layout, 1830s
Roving and Slivers, 1830
Spinning equipment, 1830
Power looms, 1830
Leather belt power transmission
Page 7: Mighty Steam
James Watt and steam power
Steam pressure
Early steam engines
Early steamboats, 1820
First locomotives in service, 1830s
First steam fire engine, 1841
Page 8: Transportation Boom
Canals and cotton, 1830
River steamboats, 1830
Flatboats and packet ships, 1830
Roads, stage coaches, 1830
Cotton plantations, 1830s
The frontier, 1830 map
Page 9: Growing Wealth
Banks and Investors, 1830
City maps, 1830
Capital and investments, 1830
Banks and bank notes, 1830
Early corporations, 1810-1850
Bank panics, 1837
Page 10: Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act, 1830 map
Oklahoma Indian reservation, 1830 map
Potawatomi Indian removal, 1833 map
Cotton plantations and slavery, 1840 map
First railroads, 1840 map
Railroads, Canals and Roads, 1840 map
Page 11: Boom!
Railroads cross the Mississippi, 1850 map
Canals, Portage Railroad, 1850 map
Telegraph lines, 1850 map
Northern railroads, 1850 map
Southern railroads and cotton, 1850 map
King Cotton, 1850
Page 12: Going really West
Oregon Trail and Gold Rush, 1849 map
Oregon Trail, 1850 map
California Gold Rush, 1849
Clipper ships, 1850s
Whaling, 1850s map
Whale kill map, 1800s
Page 13: Separate Regions
Population density and migration, 1850 map
Slave density, 1850 map
Free and slave states, 1850 map
Regional power, western presidents, 1850
Senate balance, slavery debates, 1850 map
Texas, Mexican War, 1846-1848 map
Page 14: Mid-Century America
Boston, Salem shipping, 1850
Boston, 1850
Pittsburgh, 1850
York, Pennsylvania, 1850
Bridgewater and Lynn, Massachusetts, 1850
Louisville, Kentucky, 1850
Page 15: America's New Heartland
Detroit, 1850
Chicago canal, 1850
Oshkosh and Cincinnati, 1850
Kansas City and Davenport, 1850
St Paul, Minnesota Territory, 1850
Dakota Territory, 1850
Page 16: Wild West
San Francisco, 1849
San Francisco, 1850s
Sacramento, 1850
Southern California, 1850
Western Territories, 1850
Trails heading west, 1850
Page 17: Land, Business, Technology
Population growth, 1750-1850 map
Government land sales, 1800-1860
Population density, 1850
Manufacturing and Investment, 1850 map
Livestock and crop exports, 1850
Cities and immigrants, 1850 |
Chapter 6: North Against South
Page 1: Holding it Together
The Slavery Question, 1850 map
Underground railroad, 1850 map
Compromise of 1850 map
Abolitionists and Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 map
Dred Scott, Justice Taney, 1857
Page 2: Drawing the Line
Border states, 1850 map
Plantation slavery, 1850 map
Farmers and occupations, 1850
Slavery balance, 1858 map
John Brown, Harper's Ferry, 1859 map
Election of 1860
Page 3: Surprise!
Election and secession, 1860 map
Seizure of forts and arsenals, 1861
Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, 1861
Ft Sumpter, 1861 map
Washington and Charleston, 1861
Enlistment rates, Civil War
Page 4: Virginia joins the South
West Virginia splits away, 1861 map
Richmond canal and rivers, 1861 map
Richmond weapons factory, 1861
Virginia Generals, Civil War
Civil War begins, 1861 map
Battle of Bull Run, 1861 map
Page 5: Union Strategy
Union strategy, 1861 map
Civil War enlistments, 1861
Civil War in the East, 1862 map
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
Western war, New Orleans, 1862 map
War in Virginia, 1862 map
Page 6: The War gets Serious
Matthew Brady, photographer
Peninsula campaign, 1862
Field artillery, 1862
Confederate fortifications, 1862
Ironclads
Pontoon bridges, 1862 map
Page 7: Opposing Strategies
Turning point, Grant and Lee, 1863 map
Jackson, Lee and Chancellorsville, 1863 map
Lee invades the North, 1863 map
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 map
Gettysburg Address, 1863
Grant's success in the West, 1863 map
Page 8: Blockades and Vessels
Civil War at sea
Union blockade, 1863 map
Confederate commerce raiders, 1863
Monitor and Merrimack, 1863
Ironclad riverboats
Steamboat transports
Page 9: The Blood Keeps Flowing
Grant and Sherman, 1864 map
Defense of Richmond, 1864 map
Atlanta falls to Sherman, 1864
Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864
Black troops in the Civil War
Forts, ironclads and gunboats, 1864
Page 10: End of the Line
Sherman in the Carolinas, 1865 map
Burning of Charleston, 1865
Siege of Petersburg, 1865 map
Lee surrenders at Appomattox, 1865 map
Richmond in ruins, 1865
Lincoln assassination, 1865
Page 11: Captured on Film
Civil War in Camp
Federals at Gettysburg, 1863
Artillery Depot, 1865
Army Wheelwrights
Transport Vessels
Army wagons, 1864
Page 12: Life in the Slow Lane
Alexandria, Virginia, 1860s
Country inn near Gettysburg, 1863
Nashville, Tennessee, 1864
Downtown Atlanta, 1864
Atlanta Businesses, 1864
Charleston, 1865
Page 13: Caught up in War
Newspaper reports, 1863
Families in camp, 1862
Officer's quarters, 1864
Confederate soldiers, 1863
Army scouts and guides, 1864
Military telegraph corps, 1865
Page 14: Construction Details
Civil War bridges
Military locomotives, 1864
Track repair crew, 1862
Georgetown, 1865
Potomac River ferry, 1860s
Wooden trusses and pontoons, 1860s |
Chapter 7: Early Industry
Page 1: Extreme Upgrade
Steam and manufacturing boom, 1870
Philadelphia Centennial Expo, 1876
Corliss steam engines, 1870
Iron and blast furnaces, 1870
Iron deposits and coalfields, 1870 map
Immigrant labor, 1870
Page 2: Wounds that Don't Heal
Reconstruction, 1865-1877
Confederate amnesty, 1865
Freedmen's Bureau, 1865-1872
First KKK, 1865-1872 map
40 acres and a mule, 1864
Plantations gone, 1865
Page 3: Permanently Stunted?
Southern ruin, 1870
Stunted southern growth, 1860-1870 map
Slave value lost
Manufacturing growth, 1860-1870 map
Manufacturing, 1870 map
Urban manufacturing, 1870 map
Page 4: Everything Needs Iron
Iron and coal, 1870 map
Blast furnaces and rolling mills, 1870
Cast iron products, 1870
Wrought iron usage, 1870
Coal and coke ovens, 1870
Pittsburgh and iron, 1870 map
Page 5: East Meets West
Transcontinental railroad, 1869 map
Golden Spike, 1869
Railroad expansion, 1870 map
Locomotive diagram, 1870
Railroads and settlement, 1870 map
Railroad companies, 1870
Page 6: Infrastructure Spending
Railroad land grants, 1870s map
Towns at rail stops, 1870s map
Land companies, 1870 map
Transcontinental rail lines, 1870s map
Homestead Act, 1862-1890 map
Land grant colleges, 1862-1890 map
Page 7: Clash of Titans
Hot railroad money, 1870s
European investors, 1870-1890
Rail company stocks, 1850-1870
Railroad bonds, 1850-1870
Rail construction companies, 1870
Erie Railroad scandal
Page 8: Panic of 1873
Panic of 1873
Great Chicago fire, 1871
Chicago rubble, 1871
Great Boston Fire, 1872
15th Amendment and KKK, 1870
Blacks in Congress, 1871
Page 9: Factories and products
Steam vs waterpower, 1870 map
Steam manufacturing, 1870 map
Factories, 1870
Waterpower and mills, 1870 map
Non-powered manufacturing, 1870 map
Immigrant destinations, 1870 map
Page 10: Muscles Still Rule
Horsepower, 1870
Farm equipment, 1870
Small farm equipment, 1870
Irish immigrants, 1830-1890 map
German immigrants, 1830-1890 map
Scandinavian immigrants, 1830-1890 map
Page 11: Crops Need Water
Yearly rainfall map
Nebraska prairie, 1870
Prime farmland, 1870 map
Haying, 1870
Corn production, 1870 map
Sheep and wool, 1870 map
Page 12: Striking it Rich
Gold and silver, 1870
Silver boom, 1870 map
Comstock lode, 1870
Western mining, 1870 map
Mining equipment, 1870
Mining towns, 1870
Page 13: City Portraits
Battle Creek, Michigan, 1870
Bangor, Maine, 1870
Sandusky, Ohio, 1870
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 1870
Topeka, Kansas, 1870
Salt Lake City, Utah, 1870
Page 14: Reaching Customers
Advertising, 1870
Newspaper ads, 1840-1870
Transportation ads, 1870
Appliance ads, 1870
Home goods ads, 1870
Industrial ads, 1870
Page 15: Yellow Pages
City directories, 1870
Business listings, 1870
Civic institution listings, 1870
Society listings, 1870
Municipal listings, 1870
Unions and corporations, 1870
Page 16: Super-sized Census
Census of 1870
Occupation listings, 1870
Industry listings, 1870
Manufacturing listings, 1870
Farming listings, 1870
Mining listings, 1870
Page 17: Emerging from Conflict
Industrial era begins, 1870
Indian reservations, 1870 map
Corporations, 1870
Population density, migration, 1860-1870 map
Cities and towns, 1870
Entertainment, 1870 |
Chapter 8: Big Steel
Page 1: Stronger than Iron
Bessemer steel converter, 1890
Global iron, steel and coal, 1890
Pittsburgh steel, 1890, map
Carnegie Steel, 1890
Eads bridge, 1890
Steel-frame buildings, elevators, 1890
Page 2: Hot Work
Industrial era, 1890
Machine tools, 1890
Double-expansion engines, 1890
Irrigation, 1890, map
Excursion steamers, 1890
Ellis Island immigrants, 1890
Page 3: Going Big
Biltmore Estate, 1890
Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
Statue of Liberty, 1886
Millionaire mansions, 1890
Steel industry, 1890
America's Cup yachts, 1890
Page 4: The Gilded Age
Guided Age fortunes, 1890
Millionaires, 1890
Pennsylvania Railroad, 1890, map
Interlocking ownership, rail cars, 1890
Pennsylvania oilfields, 1890, map
Corporate stock ownership, 1890
Page 5: Spooky Science
Electricity, 1890
Electricity and magnets, 1890
Electric generators, 1890
Electrical properties, 1890
Electric power stations, 1890
Electric motors, streetcars, 1890
Page 6: Vanquishing Night
Birth of power grid, 1890
Carbon-arc lighting, 1890
Edison and Tesla, 1890
Early lighting, 1893
Early telephones, 1890
Telephone poles, 1890
Page 7: Urban living
Railroads and urban centers, 1890 map
Urban manufacturing, 1890
Trollies and streetcars, 1890
Hotels and restaurants, 1890
Ready-made clothing, 1890
Department stores, Marshall Fields, 1890
Page 8: Public Systems
Municipal services, 1890
City water works, 1890
City gas works, 1890
Hospitals, 1890
Sewers and toilets, 1890 map
Fire Departments, 1890
Page 9: Parks and Secret Societies
Urban Pavilions, 1890
Public buildings, 1890
Central Park, Belle Isle, Coney Island, 1890
Cincinnati music halls and libraries, 1890
Masons, Odd Fellow, Temperance, 1890
Asylums for the disadvantaged, 1890
Page 10: More Options
Technical and medical schools, 1890
Engineering schools, 1890
Urban schools and academies 1890
Corporations and undersea cables, 1890
Corporate trusts, Standard Oil, 1890
Failure of Sherman Anti-trust law, 1890
Page 11: Earlier Trends Continue
Population density, migration, 1870-1890 map
Prairie life, 1890
Indian reservations, 1890 map
Railroad expansion, 1890 map
Chicago aerial view, 1890
Chicago stockyards aerial view, 1890
Page 12: Icing on the Cake
Chicago Expo, 1893
Electric lighting, 1893
Engineering, 1893
Chicago Expo aerial view, 1893
Armaments, 1893
Chicago Expo pavilions, 1893
Page 13: New Potential
Great Lakes iron ore, 1890 map
Upper Peninsula iron ore, 1890 map
Great Lakes ore shipping, 1890 map
Iron ore boats and docks, 1890
Soo Locks, 1890 map
Saginaw, Michigan lumber, 1890 map
Page 14: Vacationland
Mountain and beach resorts, 1890
Resort hotels, 1890
Resort beaches, 1890
Atlantic City, 1890
Health, fitness and Kellogg Sanitorium, 1890
The sporting life, 1890
Page 15: Advertising the Product
Product advertising, 1890
Home and farm ads, 1890
Clothing ads, 1890
Office and factory ads, 1890
Heating and plumbing ads, 1890
Health and science ads, 1890
Page 16: New World of Color
Lifestyle ads, in color, 1890
Cigarette and beer ads 1890
Health product and Coke ads, 1890
Vitality ads, 1890
Beauty product ads, 1890
Sewing machine Ad, 1890
Page 17: Super-sized Projects
Engineering Marvels, 1890
Brooklyn Bridge, 1890
Statue of Liberty, 1890
Hydro power, Minneapolis, 1890
Machine-made lace, 1890
Knitting machines, 1890
Page 18: Anytown, USA
Ringling Brothers Circus, 1890
Main Street, 1890
Store interiors, 1890
Store clerks, 1890
Tradesmen, 1890
Town life, 1890
Page 19: At Work
Work and Play, 1890
Women, 1890
Laborers, 1890
The fashionable set, 1890
New York street life, 1890
Writers, 1890
Page 20: More of Everything
Railroad and urban growth, 1870-1890 map
Iron ore shipping, 1890 map
The Northeast, 1890
The South, 1890
Mountain West, 1890
Pacific Coast, 1890 |
Maps: 1800-1900
Page 9: Spreading West
Port cities, 1800 maps
Population migration, 1800 maps
Wilderness Road, Kentucky, 1800 map
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 map
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-06 map
First textile mills, 1825 map
Page 10: Moving Frontier
Westward migration, mail routes, 1810 map
Erie Canal, 1825 map
China Trade, Salem, 1300 map
Population growth, shrinkage, 1830 map
Indian Removal Act, 1830 map
Potawatomi removal, 1830 map
Page 11: Canals, Riverboats and Rail
Canals, railroads, National Road, 1840 map
Steamboats, steamboat stops, 1840 map
Cotton plantations, 1840 map
Texas, Mexican War, 1846-48 map
Rail-terminal cities, 1850 map
Canals, 1850 map
Page 12: Jump to California
Telegraph lines, 1850 map
Towns at rail stops, 1850 map
Railroads, roads, cotton plantations, 1850 map
Population growth, shrinkage, 1850 map
Oregon Trail, California Gold Rush, 1849 map
California Gold Rush routes, 1850 map
Page 13: North vs South
Free vs Slave states, 1848 map
Slave density, underground railroad, 1850 map
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 map
New Free states, 1859 map
Plantation density, Border States, 1860 map
Lincoln election, Confederacy, 1860 map
Page 14: Civil War #1
Harper's Ferry, arsenals, forts, 1861 map
Union strategy, 1861 map
Civil War battles, 1861 map
Battle of Bull Run, 1861 map
Civil War, east and west, 1862 map
Union victories in the West, 1862 map
Page 15: Civil War #2
Peninsula, Shenandoah campaigns 1862 map
2nd Bull Run, Antietam, 1862 map
New battle line, 1862 map
Chancellorsville, 1863 map
Gettysburg, 1863 map
Vicksburg, Chattanooga, 1863 map
Page 16: Civil War #3
Union blockade, 1863
Atlanta, March to the Sea, 1864 map
Wilderness to Petersburg, 1864 map
Sherman in Carolinas, 1864 map
Fall of Peterburg, 1865 map
Surrender at Appomattox, 1865 map
Page 1: Industrial Era Begins
Steam power, waterwheel mills, 1870 map
Coal, iron deposits, 1870 map
Transcontinental Railroad, 1870 map
New rail lines, 1850-1870 map
Government RR land grants, 1870 map
Midwestern rail stops, 1870 map
Page 2: Manufacturing
Industrial resources, 1870 map
Pittsburgh iron region, 1870 map
Steam-powered manufacturing, 1870 map
Water-powered mills, 1870 map
Non-powered industry, 1870 map
Population growth, shrinkage, 1870 map
Page 3: Manufacturing Labor
Immigrants, urban areas, 1870 map
Immigrant destinations, 1870 map
Irish immigrant density, 1870 map
Germans immigrant density, 1870 map
Scandinavians immigrant density, 1870 map
English-speaking immigrant density, 1870 map
Page 4: Farming
Average annual rainfall, map
Prime cropland, 1870 map
Corn cultivation, 1870 map
Wheat cultivation, 1870 map
Sheep and wool production, 1870 map
Hay cultivation, 1870 map
Page 5: Western Expansion
Irrigation, urban centers, 1870 map
Iron, coal, manufacturing, 1890 map
New rail lines, 1890 map
New rail land grants, 1890 map
Homesteading activity, 1862-1890 map
Federal land grant colleges, 1890 map
Page 6: Industrial Resources
Industrial resources, 1890 map
Gold mines, 1890 map
Silver mines, 1890 map
Gold and silver regions, 1890 map
Copper, petroleum deposits, 1890 map
Population growth, shrinkage, 1890 map
Page 7: Wider World
Texas cattle drives, 1890 map
Indian Wars, reservations, 1890 map
Klondike Gold Rush, 1896 map
British Empire, 1900 map
Pacific annexations, 1900 map
World conflict, 1866-1900 map
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Technology: 1800-1900
Page 11: Spinning Mills
Slater Mill, 1810s
Carding engine, 1820s
Early spinning frame, 1820s
Flyer spinning, 1830s
Cotton gin, 1800s
Lowell textile mills, 1820s
Page 12: Pumps and Steamers
Early steam engines, 1800s
Early steam paddleboats, 1790s
Coastal steamers, 1810s
Gravity-operated canal locks, 1790s
Early steam locomotives, 1830s
Slide valves, 1820s
Page 13: A Passing Era
Golden age of sail, 1850s
Whaling ships, 1850s
Shipyard tools, 1850s
Ship's rigging, 1850s
Rope walks, 1850s
Peak whaling, 1850s
Page 14: Machines on the Farm
Farms, 1850s
Preparing the field, 1850s
McCormick mechanical reaper, 1850s
Improved reapers, 1860s
Horse-driven hay rakes, 1860s
Wooden farm devices, 1860s
Page 15: Iron and coal
More iron, 1860s
Blast furnaces, rolling mills, 1860s
Cast and wrought iron, 1860s
Cast-iron stoves, 1860s
Heating stoves, 1860s
Musical instruments, 1860s
Page 16: Unpowered Tools
Early metal machinery, 1860s
Manual drills, 1860s
Foot-powered lathes, 1860s
Manual metal-working machines, 1860s
Geared mechanisms, clocks, 1860s
Watch-making equipment, 1860s
Page 17: Engineering
Maturing steam engines, 1860s
Commercial steamers, 1860s
Marine engines, 1860s
Railroad bridges, 1860s
Steam-powered printing, 1860s
Early sewing machines, 1860s
Page 18: Moving the Product
Steam locomotives, 1860s
Steam injectors, 1860s
Locomotive lubricators and sand, 1860s
Urban delivery wagons, 1860s
Horse-powered vans, 1860s
Wagon hitches and springs, 1860s
Page 19: More Machines
Steam-powered saws, 1860s
Mortise-and-tenon joinery, 1860s
Metal-framed woodworking, 1860s
Steam-powered woodworking, 1860s
Jigsaws and scroll saws, 1860s
Shapers, molding, dovetailing, 1860s
Page 20: Product Catalogs
Machinery catalogs, 1870
Powered drills, 1870
Cast-iron machinery frames, 1870
Powered lathes, 1870
Powered grinding, 1870
Blowers and special equipment, 1870
Page 21: Milling machines
Milling machine introduced, 1870
Spindle cutters, multi-axis tables, 1870
Profiled milling cutters, 1870
Versatile holding fixtures, 1870
Complicated milling, 1870
Extended functions, 1870
Page 22: Pre-industrial
Technology, 1600-1750
Technology 1750-1800
Technology 1800-1825
Technology 1825-1840
Technology 1840-1860
Technology 1860-1870
Page 1: Industrial Era
Living with Nature
Then the War Ended
Just a novelty, at first
Appealing Possibilities
Bringing Civilization With You
Unfinished Job
Page 2: Decade of Change
Complete Do-over
Railroads and Land Values
Manufacturing with Steam
Fortunate Circumstance
Indispensable Ingredient
Big Change
Page 3: Industrial Centers
New York, 1885
Ports Dominate
Manufacturing Spreads West
Truly Interchangeable Parts
Cranking out Duplicate Parts
Finished Product
Page 4: Industrial Power
Plenty of Supply
Steel City
Efficiency Boost
Unifying Transportation Network
Steeply Rising Production
Economies of Scale
Page 5: 100th Birthday
Exhibits are Free
America's Finest
Rock Steady, but Silent
New Industry Standard
Rotating Valves
Maximizing Efficiency
Page 6: Final Puzzle Piece
Fast and Cheap
Superior Strength
Gigantism
Masterpiece
Metal and Steam
Bigger boilers
Page 7: North and South
Total Separation
Living in the Past
The Front End
Shifting Center of Activity
Boiler Fuel
Coal Conversion
Page 8: Rural and Urban
Jobs, Jobs, Jobs
Railroads Driving Growth
Less Room for Growth
Lonely and Depressed
Dramatic Population Shift
Northern Phenomenon
Page 1: Land, Business, Technology
New York, 1840
New York, 1860 map
New York, 1865 aerial view
New York, 1885 aerial view
New York, 1900 aerial view |
Gallery: Ads and Magazines
Page 1: Finding Customers
Evolution of advertising, 1840-1980
Simple product descriptions, 1860
Color lithographs, 1870
Tobacco ads, 1880
Homes product ads, 1880
Industrial ads, 1880
Page 2: Working with Color
Exotic ornamentation, color, 1880
Montgomery Ward catalog, 1800
Sophisticated illustration, 1890
Home products made special, 1890
Magazines, Scientific American, 1880
Whimsical Ads 1890
Page 3: Spotlight on Science
Scientific American, 1880
Engineering illustrations, 1880
Patent ideas illustrated, 1880
General interest illustrations, 1890
Documenting progress, 1890
Devices explained, 1890
Page 4: World of Color
Creating a brand, 1890
Versatile illustration styles, 1900
Circus posters, 1900
Beer ads, 1900
Fashions, 1900
Newspaper Ads, 1900
Page 5: Women's World
Harper's Bazaar, 1900
Ladies Home Journal, 1900
Vogue Magazine, 1900
McCall's Magazine, 1900
Clothing catalogs, 1900
Montgomery Ward catalog, 1900
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